Abstract: The Chaohu Basin is one of the most economically developed, densely populated, and rapidly modernizing region of Anhui Province, and playing a significant role in the regional integration strategy of the Yangtze River Delta. However, due to the combined effects of topographical conditions, climatic characteristics, and the relationship between rivers and lakes, the region frequently suffers from flood disasters. In order to enhance the flood security of the Chaohu Basin and protect regional economic development, this paper systematically reviews the historical flood disasters in the Chaohu Basin and the current layout of flood projects. It also provides a retrospective analysis of the major flood event in Chaohu in 2020 and the defensive response measures taken, thoroughly summarizing the current challenges faced in responding to flood disasters within the basin and dissecting the ongoing development trends. Finally, the paper proposes strategies and comprehensive measures for accelerating the harnessment of flood disasters in the basin and enhancing its resilience of the river basin.